Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Eburicoic Acid, a Triterpenoid Compound from Antrodia camphorata, Displays Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effects in Palmitate-Treated C2C12 Myotubes and in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

doi: 10.3390/ijms18112314

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of TRR including two parts. ( A ) Oral glucose tolerance (OGTT) was performed on 12 h fasted ICR mice ( n = 5) that were allowed access to 40 and 80 mg/kg TRR or an equivalent amount of vehicle (water), which were given orally 30 min before an oral glucose load (1 g/kg body weight). The control group was given glucose, whereas the normal group was not. Blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital sinus of fasted mice at the time of the glucose administration (0) and every 30 until 120 min after glucose administration and the blood glucose level was monitored. Each point is the mean ± standard error (SE) of five separate mice. ### p < 0.001 compared with the control (CON) group; *** p < 0.001 were significantly different compared with the control group in the same time by ANOVA. ( B – I ) Effects of eburicoic acid (TRR) on ( B ) body weights, ( C ) relative tissue weight (%), ( D ) blood glucose levels, ( E ) blood triglycerides levels, ( F ) blood total cholesterol levels, ( G ) insulin levels, ( H ) leptin levels, and ( I ) adiponectin levels at week 14. Mice were fed with 45% high-fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet (CON) for 14 weeks. After 14 weeks of induction, the HF mice were treated with vehicle, or eburicoic acid (TRR), or fenofibrate (Feno) or metformin (Metf) accompanied with HF diet for 4 weeks. All values are means ± SE ( n = 9). ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001 compared with the control (CON) group; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 compared with the high-fat-diet (HFD) plus vehicle (distilled water) (HF) group using ANOVA and with Dunnett’s tests. EWAT: Epididymal white adipose tissue; Feno: Fenofibrate (250 mg/kg body weight); Metf: Metformin (300 mg/kg body weight); MWAT: Mesenteric white adipose tissue; RWAT: Retroperioneal white adipose tissue; TRR1, TRR2, or TRR3: 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg body weight eburicoic acid, respectively; Visceral fat: EWAT + RWAT.

Article Snippet: The CON group ( n = 9) received a low-fat diet (Diet 12450B, Research Diets, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ, USA), while the experimental group was fed a 45% HFD (Diet 12451, Research Diets, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ, USA) for 10 weeks.

Techniques: Control

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Eburicoic Acid, a Triterpenoid Compound from Antrodia camphorata, Displays Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effects in Palmitate-Treated C2C12 Myotubes and in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

doi: 10.3390/ijms18112314

Figure Lengend Snippet: Histology of ( A ) epididymal white adipose tissue and ( B ) liver tissue of mice in the control (CON), high-fat-diet plus vehicle (distilled water) (HF), HFD + TRR1, HFD + TRR2, HFD + TRR3, HFD + fenofibrate (Feno), or HFD + metformin (Metf) groups by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Arrows indicated the hepatic ballooning degeneration. Each presented is typical and representative of nine mice, and one section per mouse. TRR1, TRR2, or TRR3: 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg body weight eburicoic acid, respectively Feno: Fenofibrate (250 mg/kg body weight); Metf: Metformin (300 mg/kg body weight).

Article Snippet: The CON group ( n = 9) received a low-fat diet (Diet 12450B, Research Diets, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ, USA), while the experimental group was fed a 45% HFD (Diet 12451, Research Diets, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ, USA) for 10 weeks.

Techniques: Control, Staining

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Eburicoic Acid, a Triterpenoid Compound from Antrodia camphorata, Displays Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effects in Palmitate-Treated C2C12 Myotubes and in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

doi: 10.3390/ijms18112314

Figure Lengend Snippet: Semiquantative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis on phosphenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1c), diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in liver tissue of the mice receiving eburicoic acid (TRR) by oral gavage for 4 weeks. ( A ) representative image. ( B , C ) Quantification of the ratio of target gene to GAPDH mRNA expression. All values are means ± SE ( n = 9). ### p < 0.001 compared with the control (CON) group; * p < 0.05 and *** p < 0.001 compared with the high-fat diet plus vehicle (HF) group using ANOVA and with Dunnett’s tests. TRR1, TRR2, or TRR3: Eburicoic acid 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg body weight, respectively; Feno: Fenofibrate (250 mg/kg body weight); Metf: Metformin (300 mg/kg body weight). Total RNA (1 μg) isolated from tissue was reverse transcripted by M-MLV reverse transcriptase (M-MLV-RT), 10 μL of reverse transcriptase (RT) products were used as templates for PCR. Signals were quantitated by image analysis; each value was normalized by β-actin.

Article Snippet: The CON group ( n = 9) received a low-fat diet (Diet 12450B, Research Diets, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ, USA), while the experimental group was fed a 45% HFD (Diet 12451, Research Diets, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ, USA) for 10 weeks.

Techniques: Reverse Transcription, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Binding Assay, Expressing, Control, Isolation

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Eburicoic Acid, a Triterpenoid Compound from Antrodia camphorata, Displays Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effects in Palmitate-Treated C2C12 Myotubes and in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

doi: 10.3390/ijms18112314

Figure Lengend Snippet: Membrane GLUT4 protein contents in skeletal muscle, or expression levels of phospho-Akt (p-Akt)/total Akt (t-Akt), phospho-AMPK (p-AMPK) (Thr172)/total AMPK (t-AMPK), or phospho-FOXO1 (p-FOXO1) (Ser256)/total FOXO1 (t-FOXO1) in liver and skeletal muscle of the mice by oral gavage eburicoic acid (TRR). ( A , B ) Representative images including membrane GLUT4, p-AMPK, t-AMPK, p-Akt, t-Akt, p-FOXO, and t-FOXO1 in different tissues. ( C , D ) Quantification of the GLUT4 expression levels, the ratio of p-AMPK to t-AMPK, or p-Akt/t-Akt expression levels (mean ± SE, n = 9). Protein was separated by 12% SDS–PAGE detected by Western blot. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.001 compared with the control (CON) group; * p < 0.05 and *** p < 0.001 compared with the high-fat-diet plus vehicle (distilled water) (HF) group using ANOVA and with Dunnett’s tests. TRR1, TRR2, or TRR3: Eburicoic acid 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg body weight, respectively; Feno: Fenofibrate (250 mg/kg body weight); Metf: Metformin (300 mg/kg body weight).

Article Snippet: The CON group ( n = 9) received a low-fat diet (Diet 12450B, Research Diets, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ, USA), while the experimental group was fed a 45% HFD (Diet 12451, Research Diets, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ, USA) for 10 weeks.

Techniques: Membrane, Expressing, SDS Page, Western Blot, Control